Traditional olive groves in Algeria exhibit significant varietal richness that varies from one region to another, reflecting extensive genetic diversity critical for food security and agriculture. This genetic potential must be harnessed for plant breeding through specific and scientifically robust identification processes. This study investigates the variability of pomological characteristics among indigenous olive varieties in northeastern Algeria. It was conducted in two plots in the Skikda region, using a balanced sampling design (10 trees per variety and 30 olives per tree) to assess four widely cultivated local varieties recognized by farmers: Chemlal, Azeradje, Bouricha, and Ségoise. A total of 38 morpho-pomological traits were evaluated, including 16 quantitative and 22 qualitative characteristics of the fruit, kernel, and leaves. Significant pomological variability was observed among these four varieties. The results revealed that the varieties differ along a gradient of size and productive potential (PC%). Fruit and endocarp traits exhibited a higher discriminatory potential than leaf traits, which showed limited variability. Notably, the form and symmetry of the fruit and kernel played a critical role in differentiating the varieties, with diversity indices H and H′ for these traits exceeding 0.8. These traits also had the most significant influence on the observed phenotypic variability. The findings underscore the importance of pomological descriptors in cataloging and identifying olive varieties. These descriptors complement recent advances in genetic markers, enabling reliable variety identification and characterization of olive tree genetic resources.