A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive rabi seasons (2022–23 and 2023–24) at Bihar Agricultural University (BAU), Sabour, Bhagalpur, India, to evaluate the effects of different tillage systems and weed management practices on weed dynamics, growth, and productivity of wheat. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, three replications with three tillage practices as main plot treatments and six weed management options as sub-plot treatments. Results revealed that zero tillage combined with retention of paddy crop residues significantly reduced weed infestation and improved crop growth and grain yield compared to other tillage practices. Among the herbicidal treatments, the application of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron methyl (30 + 2 g a.i. ha⁻¹) was the most effective in minimizing weed density and biomass, followed by mesosulfuron methyl + iodosulfuron methyl sodium (12 + 2.4 g a.i. ha⁻¹). Based on the findings, the study recommends the adoption of zero tillage with residue retention along with sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron methyl for efficient and sustainable weed management and enhanced wheat productivity in the Middle Indo-Gangetic Plains of India.