Journal ID : AMA-14-01-2026-13741
[This article belongs to Volume - 57, Issue - 01]
Total View : 452

Title : Life Cycle Assessment of the Farm-to-Retail Carbon Footprint of Crossandra (Crossandra undulaefolia Salisb.) in Karnataka, India

Abstract :

This study evaluates the farm-to-retail carbon footprint of Crossandra (Crossandra undulaefolia Salisb.) production in Karnataka, India, based on primary data collected from 260 farmers during 2024–25. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework was applied to estimate stage-wise greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (kg CO₂e) associated with cultivation, post-harvest handling, transportation, and retail operations. The results show that irrigation is the predominant source of emissions, contributing 96.34% (4,243,508.17 kg CO₂e) of total emissions, mainly due to electricity-intensive groundwater pumping from deep borewells. Fertilizer application accounts for 2.22% (97,850.12 kg CO₂e) of total emissions, while packaging contributes 1.42% (62,559.08 kg CO₂e). Emissions from pesticide use, transportation, and retail electricity are negligible, reflecting localized marketing systems with limited cold-chain infrastructure and short transport distances. The average carbon emission intensity is estimated at 64.51 kg CO₂e per kg of flowers, with wide variability across farms (1.23–235.52 kg CO₂e/kg), driven primarily by differences in irrigation practices and input use intensity. The study provides stage-wise evidence to support informed decision-making by policymakers, extension agencies, and supply-chain stakeholders aimed at reducing the carbon footprint of floriculture while sustaining farmer profitability.

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