Several ill effects in soil and human health as well as environmental hazards were noted due to the use of imbalance nutrient application. Nutrient management is necessary to balance the soil nutrient input with the crop requirement. Therefore, the field experiment was conducted during the kharif and rabi seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22 at Research Farm of ICAR-CPRI-RS, Gwalior, to examine the interactive effects of organic mulch and different nutrient sources on productivity and profitability of rice - potato cropping system. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications. The treatment combination consisted of two factors such as mulch (No mulch and paddy straw mulch @5 t/ha) and different sources of nutrients (100% RDF, Compost @25 t/ha + Azotobacter @1.25 l/ha + PSB @1.25 l/ha + Jeevamrut @500 l/ha, FYM @25 t/ha + Jeevamrut @500 l/ha and control). Results revealed that, application of paddy straw as mulch @5 t/ha significantly resulted in the highest grain (2.73 t/ha) and straw (5.52 t/ha) yield of rice, tuber and haulm yield of potato (23.48 t/ha and 10.38 t/ha, respectively) and net return (2,54,975 ₹/ha). Among various nutrient sources, application of 100% RDF significantly recorded the highest grain yield of rice (3.81 t/ha), tuber and haulm yield of potato (26.43 t/ha and 12.55 t/ha, respectively) as well as improved the system productivity as compared to all other treatments but maximum net return (2,76,630 ₹/ha) obtained under FYM @25 t/ha + Jeevamrut @500 l/ha.