Conservation agriculture (CA) practices have emerged as sustainable alternatives to conventional agriculture, particularly in the context of millet-based cropping systems. Many studies now available worldwide show the capacity of conservation agriculture (CA) as a sustainable system to overcome negative consequences on soil health, to prevent soil degradation and to guarantee food security. Soil health is a term used to describe the general state or quality of soil, and in an agroecosystem, soil health can be defined as the ability of the soil to respond to agricultural practices in a way that sustainably supports both agricultural production and the provision of other ecosystem services. Furthermore, CA can preserve the production and supply of soil ecosystem services while lessening the detrimental effects of traditional agricultural methods on soil condition. Agricultural development today presents before unheard-of difficulties; CA is therefore very important for the sustainability of intensive farming. Reduced tillage together with crop residue retention could lower fixation of P in soil, improve labile P content and enhance organic-P (Po) accumulation and its mineralization by phosphatases; this could be an additional benefit of conservation agriculture (CA) in soils. Currently, there are many evidences throughout the world that demonstrate the capability of conservation agriculture (CA) as a sustainable system to overcome these adverse effects on soil health, to avoid soil degradation and to ensure food security.