Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) has emerged as a powerful tool in the analysis of biomolecular changes associated with various types of cancer. This article provides a theoretical overview of the principles of FTIR spectroscopy, its application to the analysis of cancer biomarkers, comparison between healthy and suspected individuals available in the literature, methodological considerations, clinical implications, and future directions. Here we highlight the importance of early cancer detection using FTIR spectroscopy, with emphasis on the different biomarkers that can help in the detection of different types of cancer. We focus in this study on key biomarkers such as EGFR, ALK and ROS1.