Mango is an important commercially farmed fruit crop and it is very popular due to its wide range of adaptability and high nutritive content. In order to understand the economics of mango production and the challenges faced by growers in production, the current study was carried out in the Kalahandi area of Odisha state of India. The study used a multi-stage sampling design with a 60-person sample size. Its information was gathered for 2021-22. Use a straightforward cost-return calculation to calculate the cost and profit of mango farming. The growers' challenges with mango production and marketing were ranked using the percentage method. Mango cultivation costs per quintal were calculated to be Rs. 1167.43, while per-hectare gross returns were, on average, Rs. 303944.67. The overall output-input ratio was 2.14, which is greater than unity and showed that mango production was a successful business. Lack of knowledge about high-yielding mango varieties, the issue of high temperatures, the problem of unavailability of transportation in sick, heavy rains, winds, and hailstones during flowering and fruit development stages, lack of extension services, and a lack of storage facilities near the growing area were among the production and marketing challenges faced by mango growers. The findings are in line with those of Yadav et al. (2010) who identified fruit drop as one of the major restrictions on mango output.