Climate change has emerged as a critical threat to livestock-based livelihoods in India, particularly in agro-ecologically diverse states like Madhya Pradesh. This study explores the adoption of climate-resilient livestock practices among large ruminant farmers across 11 agro-climatic zones of Madhya Pradesh. A multi-stage random sampling method was employed to collect data from 220 large ruminant farmers. Adoption of 36 climate-smart practices was assessed using a three-point continuum scale and quantified through a Climate Resilient Adoption Index. The overall adoption index was 49.67%, indicating a moderate adoption level. Most farmers were categorized as “partially adopted,” reflecting growing awareness but also revealing gaps in knowledge, access, and infrastructure. Frequently adopted practices included providing bedding in winter, breed selection based on local suitability, and ensuring water availability during heat stress. However, adoption of technical interventions such as sodium sulfate supplementation and silage crop identification was negligible. The study highlights the need for targeted extension strategies, institutional support, and farmer-centric interventions to enhance climate resilience. Younger and more educated farmers showed higher adoption levels, emphasizing the importance of awareness and capacity-building initiatives. These insights can guide the formulation of evidence-based, region-specific strategies to strengthen the adaptive capacity of livestock farmers in climate-vulnerable regions of Central India.