Chhattisgarh, located in the central-eastern part of India, possesses a wide range of agro-climatic conditions and soil types that play a crucial role in determining agricultural productivity. This review presents an overview of the major soil orders found in the state and their implications for crop production. Entisols are generally shallow, coarse-textured, and low in nutrients, making them susceptible to erosion and suitable mainly for limited rainfed cultivation. Inceptisols are moderately developed soils with medium fertility, supporting a range of Kharif and Rabi crops under rainfed conditions. Alfisols are characterized by clay accumulation in the subsoil and moderate fertility, and they can sustain diverse cropping systems when managed properly. Vertisols, which are deep and rich in clay, are among the most productive soils but face challenges such as shrink–swell behavior, poor drainage, and deficiencies of certain micronutrients. To overcome these constraints and maintain long-term productivity, sustainable soil management practices such as integrated nutrient management, use of organic amendments, soil and water conservation measures, and crop diversification are essential. A clear understanding of the characteristics and limitations of these soils is important for developing site-specific management strategies that support sustainable agriculture and improve soil health in Chhattisgarh.