AMA, Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America

Atrocities on Farmers Leads to Lower the Primary Sector: A Comparative Study of American and Indian Farmers

Farmers in the United States contribute fundamentally to the economy by giving a protected and predictable food supply, upgrading energy security, and advancing work advancement and development. Agriculture is particularly imperative to the economy of urban communities and country locales, as agribusiness takes care of an assortment of businesses going from rural hardware creators to food processors. Atrocities upon ranchers have been unfavorably affected agriculture starts just as been the reason for financial drop. Monstrosities, or demonstrations of brutality against farmers, are a significant issue all through the world. Farmers have been exposed to violence in India for quite a long time. Farmers have been exposed to atrocities because of the government's proactive approach towards them. These wrongdoings have influenced the cultivating local area yet have additionally caused devastation in the agrarian economy. There are likewise various abomination patterns in American agribusiness. Outrages against farmers are making the essential area crumble. Atrocities are acts that are extremely violent or insidious, particularly in the event that it includes vicious maltreatment or damage. From the beginning of time, various observers have been sure to be available when armed forces were said to have executed outrages against regular citizens. Homegrown measures to turn away common freedoms outrages across state limits have priority. Notwithstanding, the organization has overlooked it, which has significantly affected the essential area. The embraced research paper fundamentally examines the atrocities acts that are being done on farmers in India and America and what they are meaning for the public pay of the nations. The exploration paper has additionally enrolled various cures that the legislatures ought to attempt to lessen abominations and to help the sufferer and the casualties of these mercilessness.

Evaluation of Antifungal, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Properties of Camel Whey Protein Hydrolysates

In the current study, camel whey protein (CWP) was hydrolyzed with alcalase for 12 h at an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1/200 (w/w). The antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, and antifungal activity of the hydrolysates at different times (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h) were evaluated. The highest DH is 47%, which was obtained after 12 h in comparison with those obtained after 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h (20, 26, 32, 39, and 47%, respectively). After 8 h proteolysis presented the highest antioxidants activity against DPPH free radical (70% at a concentration of 200 µg/mL). The bacteria S. typhimurium and E. coli were most affected, with MIC values of 78 and 625 µg mL-1, respectively. The fungal growth of B. cinerea was reduced by 44%, 56%, and 78%, respectively, when CWPH was administered at 250, 500, and 1000 µg mL-1. It can be concluded that, camel whey protein hydrolysates have antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

Effect of different nitrogen levels on the growth performance of wheat genotypes in the Indo-Gangetic Plains

Nitrogen (N) is a star nutrient for crop production. The uptake and assimilation of N are crucial steps for plant growth and development. This study aimed to evaluate the growth parameters of ten genotypes, namely HD 3226, HDCSW 18, HD 2967, HD 3086, HD 3249, HD 2733, PBW 550, PBW 343, HD 3117, and HD 3298, under varying levels of N [0, 50% (75 kg ha-1), and 100% (150 kg ha-1)] with the used of Neem oil coated urea in 2020 and 2021. The results showed that the different genotypes exhibited varying growth parameters, with plant height (PH), tiller numbers, and dry matter accumulation (DMA) being higher in 100% N as compared to the 50% and 0%. The results of this two-year study indicate that the average PH at 30 DAS and 90 DAS increased by 51.6% and 64.2% respectively with 50% RDN and by 17.6% and 22.18% respectively with 100% RDN, compared to the control. Similarly, the tiller numbers and DMA at 30 DAS increased by 20.4% and 26.5% respectively with 50% RDN, and by 37.5% and 51% respectively with 100% RDN, compared to the control. Among all genotypes, the highest PH (30 and 90 DAS) and DMA (30 DAS) were observed in genotype ‘HD-3249’, while the highest number of tillers (30 DAS) was observed in genotype ‘PBW-550’. The results of this study suggest that the genotypes ‘HD-3249’ and ‘PBW-550’, when application of 100% RDN, showed a promising response in terms of PH, DMA, and tillers numbers.

KEYWORDS: Rice genotypes, nitrogen levels, growth parameters

Nitrogen (N) is a star nutrient for crop production. The uptake and assimilation of N are crucial steps for plant growth and development. This study aimed to evaluate the growth parameters of ten genotypes, namely HD 3226, HDCSW 18, HD 2967, HD 3086, HD 3249, HD 2733, PBW 550, PBW 343, HD 3117, and HD 3298, under varying levels of N [0, 50% (75 kg ha-1), and 100% (150 kg ha-1)] with the used of Neem oil coated urea in 2020 and 2021. The results showed that the different genotypes exhibited varying growth parameters, with plant height (PH), tiller numbers, and dry matter accumulation (DMA) being higher in 100% N as compared to the 50% and 0%. The results of this two-year study indicate that the average PH at 30 DAS and 90 DAS increased by 51.6% and 64.2% respectively with 50% RDN and by 17.6% and 22.18% respectively with 100% RDN, compared to the control. Similarly, the tiller numbers and DMA at 30 DAS increased by 20.4% and 26.5% respectively with 50% RDN, and by 37.5% and 51% respectively with 100% RDN, compared to the control. Among all genotypes, the highest PH (30 and 90 DAS) and DMA (30 DAS) were observed in genotype ‘HD-3249’, while the highest number of tillers (30 DAS) was observed in genotype ‘PBW-550’. The results of this study suggest that the genotypes ‘HD-3249’ and ‘PBW-550’, when application of 100% RDN, showed a promising response in terms of PH, DMA, and tillers numbers.

KEYWORDS: Rice genotypes, nitrogen levels, growth parameters

Effect of functionalized clay minerals and redmud on the bioavailability of arsenic

A pot experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2020-21 to assess the effect of modified clay mineral and redmud (Fe-bentonite, DMSO-bentonite and Fe-redmud) on Arsenic (As) uptake and yield attributes of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) (Variety- Rohinga bullet)]. Significant reduction in As concentration in the grain and stem due to application of modified clay mineral and redmud was observed. However, Fe-bentonite, DMSO-bentonite and Fe-redmud reduce plant grain and stem As content @ all the applied doses (except control pot), but application @ 5.00 g kg-1 soil was found most significant as compare to the control pot and 1.25 g kg-1. Soil treated with iron modified bentonite, DMSO-bentonite and Fe-redmud resulted in significantly higher stem biomass and grain yield of mustard as compared to the control pot. Between the treatments, highest stem weight (g pot-1) of mustard plant was recorded at higher dose of Fe-bentonite followed by DMSO-bentonite and Fe-redmud but higher grain yield (g pot-1) was found higher in case of higher dose of Fe-Redmud.

Effect of climatic factors at different agroecological zones on seed yield and quality of hybrid maize COHM 8

A study was conducted at three different agroeclogical zones (southern, western and north eastern zones) of Tamil Nadu to assess the effect of climatic parameters on seed yield and quality of maize hybrid COHM 8 during rabi, 2021. One of the major factors affecting maize seed production is weather and this proposed work was attempted to ascertain the suitability of different weather parameters at different growth stages of maize hybrid on seed yield and quality. Seed crop was raised at all three locations with three dates of sowing at 15 days intervals (2nd fortnight of September, 1st fortnight of October and 2nd fortnight of October). In the present study, the erratic rainfall along with lower temperature and relative humidity experienced in southern zone and north eastern zone had a great impact on crop growth during different growth stages of seed crop of maize and thus results in lower yield. In southern zone, 2nd fortnight of October resulted in higher seed yield (4082 Kg/ha) compared to yield of 2nd fortnight of September (2721 Kg/ha) or 1st fortnight of October (2397 Kg/ha). In north eastern zone, 2nd fortnight of September recorded higher seed yield (3919 Kg/ha) than at 1st fortnight of October (2503 Kg/ha) and 2nd fortnight of October (2277 Kg/ha). In western zone, all the three dates of sowing registered higher seed yield which were on par to each other may be due to the favorable weather attributes along with required rainfall during peak growth stages. The results confirmed the importance of temperature, rainfall and relative humidity on the growth of the crop to obtain higher seed yield.